Turkey Tail Medicinal Mushrooms for Better Health and Well Being

If you're a mushroom enthusiast, chances are, you've encountered the Turkey Tail mushroom in your explorations. This humble mushroom, with its vibrant colors and fan-like shape, is much more than a simple forest adornment. In fact, it's an amazing medicinal mushroom, with a rich history and myriad health benefits that are hard to ignore.

For centuries, Turkey Tail mushroom, also known as Trametes versicolor or "many-colored polypore", has been highly prized in traditional medicine for its potent healing properties. In this article, we delve into this fascinating mushroom and its myriad benefits. Whether you're looking for a new addition to your diet or exploring potential supplements for a healthier lifestyle, the Turkey Tail mushroom might just be what you're after.

Turkey Tail Mushroom Appearance

Color: The Turkey Tail mushroom boasts multicolored concentric rings which often include hues of brown, tan, white, and even blues and greens.

Shape and Size: Resembling a turkey's tail in shape, the mushroom has small, fan-like caps, typically ranging from 2 to 10 cm in diameter.

Texture: The Turkey Tail is known for its tough, leathery texture.

Turkey Tail Mushroom Common Names

Apart from Turkey Tail, it's also known as Yun Zhi in China, and Kawaratake in Japan, both of which translate to "cloud mushroom." This points to its widespread recognition for medicinal properties in these cultures.

Taxonomy and Classification of Turkey Tail Mushroom

• Kingdom: Fungi - This kingdom comprises organisms that are eukaryotic, meaning they have complex cellular structures. Mushrooms, along with molds and yeasts, fall under this kingdom. Fungi play a critical role in nutrient cycling and exchange in the environment.
• Phylum: Basidiomycota - This phylum is characterized by a special type of spore-producing structure called a basidium. It contains approximately 30,000 species, which include not only mushrooms but also puffballs, stinkhorns, and rusts. Turkey Tail, as part of this phylum, shares the characteristic of producing spores on the basidia.
• Class: Agaricomycetes - This class of fungi is well-known for featuring species with fruiting bodies, or what we typically recognize as a 'mushroom.' Agaricomycetes encompasses a wide variety of mushrooms, including the edible, poisonous, and, like our Turkey Tail, medicinal types.
• Order: Polyporales - Within this order, you'll find most of the wood-decay fungi that form fruiting bodies with pores or tubes on the underside. Turkey Tail mushrooms are a part of this order, as they're often found growing on dead logs or tree stumps.
• Family: Polyporaceae - This family primarily consists of fungi that decay wood. Members of the Polyporaceae family, like Turkey Tail, are known for their ability to break down tough organic materials, often helping recycle nutrients in forest ecosystems.
• Genus: Trametes - Trametes is a genus of fungi that includes several species known for their medicinal properties. Our star, the Turkey Tail mushroom, falls into this genus. Trametes mushrooms are found worldwide, indicating their ability to adapt to different climates and conditions.

Medicinal Properties and Health Benefits of Turkey Tail Mushroom

The Turkey Tail mushroom holds a place of reverence in traditional Eastern medicine due to its medicinal properties, and modern research only bolsters this reputation. From boosting the immune system to potentially fighting cancer, the Turkey Tail mushroom is a natural powerhouse with an impressive range of health benefits.

Immunomodulatory - The Turkey Tail mushroom is renowned for its immunomodulatory effects. It is rich in beta-glucans, a type of polysaccharide that activates and enhances the function of our immune system. Regular intake of Turkey Tail mushroom can support your body's natural defenses, making it more resilient against common illnesses and infections [1].

Cancer fighting - Beyond its immune-boosting properties, the Turkey Tail mushroom is also showing promise in supporting cancer treatments. Several studies point towards its potential role in combatting various types of cancers, including lung, breast, and colorectal cancers. These beneficial effects are primarily attributed to the mushroom's polysaccharides, especially one known as polysaccharide-K (PSK), which has demonstrated anti-tumor effects [2].

Gut health - Turkey Tail mushroom also aids in gut health. It's a natural source of prebiotics, which can help balance your gut microbiota and promote a healthier digestive system. Having a balanced gut can lead to better overall health and improved immune function [3].

Antioxidants -  The mushroom's bioactive compounds have been found to neutralize harmful free radicals, potentially reducing inflammation and slowing the aging process. It's a natural way to support your body's health and longevity [4].

Active Compounds and Properties in Turkey Tail Mushroom 

The medicinal properties of the Turkey Tail mushroom are primarily attributed to its rich content of bioactive compounds. Let's delve into the key components and how they contribute to its potential health benefits.

• Polysaccharide-K (PSK): PSK, also known as Krestin, is a protein-bound polysaccharide found in Turkey Tail mushrooms. It's one of the reasons for the mushroom's potential anti-cancer effects. Studies show that PSK can stimulate the immune system to fight cancer cells and may inhibit cancer cell growth [5].
• Polysaccharide-P (PSP): Another significant compound in Turkey Tail mushrooms is Polysaccharide-P (PSP). This compound has been shown to possess immunomodulatory properties, which means it can modulate the immune system, enhancing its function [6].
• Beta-glucans: These are complex sugars that can enhance the body's immune response. They play a crucial role in Turkey Tail's immunomodulatory properties. Research indicates that beta-glucans can activate different cells and proteins that fight infections and diseases [7].
• Phenols and flavonoids: These compounds have powerful antioxidant effects. They help combat oxidative stress by neutralizing harmful free radicals in the body. The antioxidant properties of Turkey Tail mushroom can therefore contribute to reducing inflammation and slowing down the aging process [8].

Turkey Tail mushroom is a powerhouse of beneficial compounds. Whether you consume it in the form of Turkey Tail mushroom powder, tea, supplement, or extract, you can harness its potential health benefits. 

Turkey Tail Mushroom Preparation and Dosage

The Turkey Tail mushroom is incredibly versatile when it comes to preparations and can be enjoyed in several different forms, from teas and tinctures to capsules and extracts. Incorporating this medicinal mushroom into your daily routine can be an easy, natural way to boost your overall health.

Turkey Tail Dosage Recommendations

Dosage can vary depending on the form of Turkey Tail you're consuming. As a general guideline, if you're taking Turkey Tail mushroom capsules, a common dosage is around 1,000 to 3,000 mg per day. However, as individual needs and reactions can vary, it's always wise to consult with a healthcare provider or a trained herbalist for personalized dosage recommendations.

Turkey Tail Traditional Preparations and Methods of Consumption

Traditionally, Turkey Tail has been prepared as a tea. The mushrooms are dried, then simmered in water for several hours. This slow process extracts the beneficial compounds, resulting in a medicinal brew. This tea can be consumed daily, recommended as one to three cups.

Modern Applications

In our modern world, Turkey Tail has been made even more accessible and easy to consume.

• Supplements: Turkey Tail mushroom supplements are popular for their convenience. They often come in capsule form, providing a concentrated dose of the mushroom's beneficial compounds. This is a great option for those who prefer a quick and easy method of consumption.
• Tinctures: Turkey Tail tinctures are essentially liquid extracts. They're made by extracting the mushroom's medicinal compounds in alcohol. Tinctures can be taken directly under the tongue or added to water or tea.
• Teas: Turkey Tail mushroom tea is a comforting and tasty way to enjoy the mushroom's benefits. You can find pre-made tea bags or make your own using dried Turkey Tail mushrooms.
• Extracts: Extracts offer a concentrated dose of the mushroom's beneficial compounds. They can be mixed into drinks or incorporated into recipes.

Sourcing Turkey Tail Mushrooms

Turkey Tail mushrooms are one of the most common fungi found worldwide. Their adaptability to a variety of climates and conditions makes them relatively easy to find. They can be foraged in the wild or purchased from trusted suppliers.

Finding Turkey Tail in the Wild

Turkey Tail mushrooms thrive on dead and decaying wood, such as fallen logs, stumps, or even wounded areas of living trees. They're a species of wood-decay fungus and play a significant role in nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems.

Geographically, Turkey Tail mushrooms can be found in nearly every corner of the world, due to their ability to grow in different climates and conditions. From the dense forests of China to the woods of North America, these mushrooms are far from rare.

Locations in the USA

Turkey Tail mushrooms can be found throughout the United States. Here's a bulleted list of some locations where they're commonly found:

• Pacific Northwest (Oregon, Washington, and Northern California)
• Midwest (especially the Great Lakes region)
• Northeast (including the Appalachian region)
• Southeast (especially the Gulf Coast region)
• Rocky Mountain region (Colorado, Wyoming)

Where to Purchase Turkey Tail Mushrooms

While foraging can be a rewarding experience, not everyone has access to suitable locations or the time to do so. Fortunately, Turkey Tail mushrooms and their derivatives (like Turkey Tail mushroom powder or capsules) are widely available for purchase both online and in health food stores.

Buyer's Guide

When purchasing Turkey Tail products, consider the following:

• Organic: Look for products that are labeled as organic. This ensures the mushrooms were grown without harmful pesticides or chemicals.
• Extraction Method: The extraction method used can affect the potency of the mushroom product. Dual-extraction methods, which involve both water and alcohol extraction, are generally considered superior as they extract a broader range of beneficial compounds.
• Fruiting Body vs. Mycelium: Products derived from the fruiting body of the mushroom typically contain a higher concentration of beneficial compounds than those made from the mycelium (the root-like network of the fungus).
• Transparency: Choose brands that are transparent about their sourcing and production methods. This includes information about where the mushrooms are grown and how the products are made.

Remember, the quality of the product you choose can significantly affect the potential benefits you receive from the Turkey Tail mushroom. Take the time to research and choose high-quality products for the best results.

Turkey Tail Mushroom Safety, Side Effects, and Precautions

While Turkey Tail mushrooms are generally considered safe for most people, as with any supplement or health product, it's crucial to be aware of potential side effects and precautions.

Possible Allergic Reactions or Adverse Effects

Some individuals might experience digestive upset, including gas, bloating, or changes in bowel habits when consuming Turkey Tail mushrooms, particularly in high doses. These symptoms are usually mild and resolve on their own.

Although rare, allergic reactions to Turkey Tail mushrooms can occur. Signs of an allergic reaction can include rash, itching, swelling, severe dizziness, or trouble breathing. If you experience any of these symptoms after consuming Turkey Tail, seek medical attention immediately.

Precautions for Specific Populations

• Pregnant and breastfeeding women: As with most dietary supplements, pregnant and breastfeeding women should consult a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen, including Turkey Tail mushroom.
• Individuals on medication: Those on medications, particularly immunosuppressants or anticoagulants, should speak with a healthcare provider before using Turkey Tail mushroom. The mushroom's immune-boosting properties may interfere with immunosuppressant medications, and there is some concern that it may increase the risk of bleeding in individuals on anticoagulant medications.

Interactions with Other Medications or Supplements

While Turkey Tail mushroom is generally safe to use alongside other medications or supplements, it's always wise to consult with a healthcare provider due to the potential for interactions. For instance, because of its immune-enhancing effects, Turkey Tail mushroom may interfere with the action of immunosuppressive drugs [9].

Remember, while Turkey Tail mushroom offers many potential health benefits, it should not be used as a substitute for conventional medical treatment. Always seek professional medical advice before starting any new health regimen.

Conclusion

Turkey Tail mushroom is a remarkable fungus with a long history of use in traditional medicine and an increasingly well-established reputation in modern science. Its wide range of medicinal properties, from boosting the immune system to potential cancer-fighting capabilities, coupled with its rich content of bioactive compounds, make it a standout in the world of medicinal mushrooms.

Whether you choose to brew a comforting cup of Turkey Tail tea, add a dash of Turkey Tail mushroom powder to your smoothie, or opt for the convenience of Turkey Tail supplements, this potent mushroom can be a valuable addition to your wellness routine.

REFERENCES

1. Eliza, W. L., Fai, C. K., Chung, L. P., et al. (2012). Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of polysaccharides isolated from the medicinal mushrooms Agaricus blazei, Agrocybe cylindracea and Boletus edulis. Food chemistry, 135(4), 1392-1398.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030881461200741X
2. Yue, G. G., Fung, K. P., Tse, G. M., Leung, P. C., Lau, C. B. (2006). Comparative studies of various ganoderma species and their different parts with regard to their antitumor and immunomodulating activities in vitro. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine, 12(8), 777–789.https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2006.12.777
3. Jayachandran M, Xiao J, Xu B. (2017) A Critical Review on Health Promoting Benefits of Edible Mushrooms through Gut Microbiota. Int J Mol Sci. 18(9):1934.https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18091934
4. Alam, N., Yoon, K. N., Lee, J. S., Cho, H. J., Shim, M. J., Lee, T. S. (2011). Dietary Effect of Ganoderma lucidum Mushroom on Blood Pressure and Lipid Levels in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR). Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition, 40(8), 1116-1122.https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2011.40.8.1116
5. Fisher M, Yang LX. Anticancer effects and mechanisms of polysaccharide-K (PSK): implications of cancer immunotherapy. Anticancer Res. 2002;22(3):1737-1754.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12168863/
6. Ng TB. A review of research on the protein-bound polysaccharide (polysaccharopeptide, PSP) from the mushroom Coriolus versicolor (Basidiomycetes: Polyporaceae). Gen Pharmacol. 1998;30(1):1-4. doi:10.1016/s0306-3623(97)00076-0https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306362397000760
7. Akramiene D, Kondrotas A, Didziapetriene J, Kevelaitis E. Effects of beta-glucans on the immune system. Medicina (Kaunas). 2007;43(8):597-606.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17895634/
8. Muszyńska B, Sułkowska-Ziaja K, Ekiert H. Phenolic acids and antioxidant activity in four species of polyporoid mushrooms. Acta Sci Pol Technol Aliment. 2011;10(2):189-195.http://www.food.actapol.net/pub/11\_2\_2011.pdf
9. Eliza, W. L., Fai, C. K., Chung, L. P., et al. (2012). Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of polysaccharides isolated from the medicinal mushrooms Agaricus blazei, Agrocybe cylindracea and Boletus edulis. Food chemistry, 135(4), 1392-1398.